Post-modernism emerged in the 20th century to displace and undermine values introduced by modernism. Postmodernism can be interpreted as “the cultural logic of late capitalism” This essay offered an argument on the ideas of two of the most prominent postmodernists in the field of ‘Gender’ including sex and sexuality namely Judith Bultler and Discussion Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it characterizes as the "grand narratives" of modernism, opposition to
Postmodernism - Wikipedia
Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] characterized by skepticism toward the " grand narratives " of modernismopposition to epistemic certainty or stability of meaningand emphasis on ideology as a means of maintaining political power. Initially emerging from a mode of literary criticismpostmodernism essay, postmodernism developed in the mid-twentieth century as a rejection of modernism [8] [9] [10] [11] and has been observed across many disciplines. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] which challenges worldviews associated with Enlightenment rationality dating back to the postmodernism essay century. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioneddescribing them as products of political, postmodernism essay, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.
Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting postmodernism essay the nature of literary text, postmodernism essay, meaning, author and reader, postmodernism essay, writing, postmodernism essay reading. The term postmodern was first used in Thompson, in his article in The Hibbert Journal a quarterly philosophical reviewused it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion, writing: "The raison d'être of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending postmodernism essay to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition.
In H. Postmodernism essay described postmodernism as a new postmodernism essay form. InBernard Iddings Bellpresident of St. Stephen's College now Bard Collegepublished Postmodernism and Other Essaysmarking the first use of the term to describe the historical period following Modernity. It also forecasts the major cultural shifts toward Postmodernity and Bell being an Anglican Episcopal priest [28] [29] suggests orthodox religion as a solution. Toynbee : "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of —". In the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture and led to the postmodern architecture movement [32] in response to the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style.
Postmodernism in architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of postmodernism essay ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in postmodernism essay forms eclecticismand non-orthogonal angles. Author Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world that happened between and and described it as a "nameless era" characterized as a shift to a conceptual world based on pattern, purpose, and process rather than a mechanical cause. This shift was outlined by four new realities: the emergence of an Educated Society, the importance of international developmentthe decline of the nation-state, and the collapse of the viability of non-Western cultures.
Inin a lecture delivered at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, Mel Bochner described "post-modernism" in art as having started with Jasper Johns"who first rejected sense-data and the singular point-of-view as the basis for his art, and treated art as a postmodernism essay investigation". InWalter Truett Anderson described postmodernism as belonging postmodernism essay one of four typological world views which he identified as:. The basic features of what is now called postmodernism can be found as early as the s, most notably in the work of artists such as Jorge Luis Borges.
The primary features of postmodernism typically include the ironic play with styles, citations, and narrative levels, [39] [40] a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a " grand narrative " of Western culture, [41] and a preference for the virtual at the expense of the Real or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes. Postmodernism essay the late s, there has been a growing sentiment in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion". Structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by French academics in the s, partly in response to French postmodernism essay[47] and often interpreted in relation to modernism and high modernism.
Thinkers who have been called "structuralists" include the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strausspostmodernism essay, the linguist Ferdinand de Saussurethe Marxist philosopher Louis Althusserand the semiotician Algirdas Greimas. The early writings of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the literary theorist Roland Barthes have also been called "structuralist". Those who began as structuralists but became post-structuralists include Michel FoucaultRoland Barthes, Jean Baudrillardand Gilles Deleuze. Other post-structuralists include Jacques DerridaPierre BourdieuJean-François Lyotardpostmodernism essay, Julia Kristevapostmodernism essay, Hélène Cixousand Luce Irigaray. The Postmodernism essay cultural theorists, critics, and intellectuals whom they influenced include Judith ButlerJohn FiskeRosalind KraussAvital Ronelland Hayden White.
Like structuralists, post-structuralists start from the assumption that people's identities, values, and economic conditions determine each other rather than having intrinsic properties postmodernism essay can be understood in isolation, postmodernism essay. But they nevertheless tended to explore how the subjects of their study might be described, reductively, as a set of essential relationships, schematics, postmodernism essay, or mathematical symbols. An example is Claude Lévi-Strauss's algebraic formulation of mythological transformation in "The Structural Study of Myth" [49]. Postmodernism entails reconsideration of the entire Western value system love, marriage, popular culture, shift from an industrial to a service economy that took place since the s and s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of —are described with the term postmodernity[50] as opposed to postmodernisma term referring to an opinion or movement.
One of the most well-known postmodernist concerns is deconstructiona theory for philosophy, literary criticism, and textual analysis developed by Jacques Derrida. Such critics misinterpret the statement as denying any reality outside of books. The statement is actually part of a critique of "inside" and "outside" metaphors when referring to the text, postmodernism essay, and is a corollary to the observation that there is no "inside" of a text as well. Derrida's method sometimes involves demonstrating that a given philosophical discourse depends on binary oppositions or excluding terms that the discourse itself has declared to be irrelevant or inapplicable.
Derrida's philosophy inspired a postmodern movement called deconstructivism among architects, characterized by a design that rejects structural "centers" and encourages decentralized play among its elements. Derrida discontinued his involvement with the postmodernism essay after the publication of his collaborative project with architect Peter Eisenman in Chora L Works: Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman, postmodernism essay. The connection between postmodernism, posthumanism, and cyborgism has led to a challenge to postmodernism, for which the terms Post-postmodernism and postpoststructuralism were first coined in [56] [57]. In some sense, we may regard postmodernism, posthumanism, postmodernism essay, poststructuralism, etc.
Deconference was an exploration postmodernism essay post-cyborgism i. what comes after the postcorporeal eraand thus explored issues of postpostmodernism, postpoststructuralism, and the like. To understand this transition from 'pomo' cyborgism to 'popo' postcyborgism we must first understand the cyborg era itself. More recently metamodernismpost-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in Andrew Hoberek postmodernism essay in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth-Century Literature titled postmodernism essay Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman performatismGilles Lipovetsky hypermodernityNicolas Bourriaud altermodernpostmodernism essay, and Alan Kirby digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism.
None of these new theories or labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. Sociocultural anthropologist Nina Müller-Schwarze offers neostructuralism as a possible direction. In the s a group of poststructuralists postmodernism essay France developed a radical critique of modern philosophy with roots discernible in Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Heidegger, and became postmodernism essay as postmodern theorists, notably including Postmodernism essay Derrida, Michel Foucault, Postmodernism essay Lyotard, postmodernism essay, Jean Baudrillard, and others. New and challenging modes of thought and writing pushed the development of new areas and topics in philosophy. By the s, this spread to America Richard Rorty and the world.
Jacques Derrida was a French-Algerian philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, postmodernism essay, and developed in the context of phenomenology. Derrida re-examined the fundamentals of writing and its consequences on philosophy in general; sought to undermine the language of "presence" or metaphysics in an analytical technique which, postmodernism essay, beginning as a point of departure from Heidegger's notion of Destruktioncame to be known as deconstruction.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopherhistorian of ideassocial theoristand literary critic. First associated with structuralismFoucault created an oeuvre that today is seen as belonging to post-structuralism and to postmodern philosophy. Considered a leading figure of French theory [ postmodernism essay ]his work remains fruitful in the English-speaking academic world in a large number of sub-disciplines. The Times Higher Education Guide described him in as the most cited author in the humanities, postmodernism essay.
Michel Foucault introduced concepts such as discursive regimeor re-invoked those of older philosophers like episteme and genealogy in order to explain the relationship between meaning, power, and social behavior within social orders see The Order of Thingspostmodernism essay, The Archaeology of KnowledgeDiscipline and Punishand The Postmodernism essay of Sexuality. Influenced by Nietzsche[73] Jean-François Lyotard is credited with being the first to use the term in a philosophical context, in his work The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. In it, he follows Wittgenstein's language games model and speech act theorycontrasting two different language games, that of the expert, and that of the philosopher.
He talks about the transformation of knowledge into information in the computer age and likens the transmission or reception of coded messages information to a position within a language game. Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Conditionwriting: "Simplifying to the extreme, postmodernism essay, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the concept of truth postmodernism essay metanarratives presuppose, postmodernism essay. Postmodernist philosophers, in general, argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal—and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being complete and certain.
Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. Postmodernism essay addition, he denounces the traditional epistemological perspectives of representationalism and correspondence theory that rely upon the independence of knowers and observers from phenomena and the passivity of natural phenomena in relation to consciousness. Jean Baudrillard, in Simulacra and Simulationintroduced the concept that reality or the principle of the Real is short-circuited by the interchangeability of signs in an era whose communicative and semantic acts are dominated by electronic media and digital technologies.
For Baudrillard, "simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal. Fredric Jameson set forth one of postmodernism essay first expansive theoretical treatments of postmodernism as a historical period, postmodernism essay, intellectual trend, postmodernism essay social phenomenon in a series of lectures at the Whitney Museumlater expanded as Postmodernism, postmodernism essay, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism In Analysis of the Journeya journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the "assumptions and procedures of modern theory" must be forgotten.
Extensively, postmodernism essay, Kellner analyzes the terms of this theory in real-life experiences and examples. The scale was larger than just postmodernism alone; it must be interpreted through cultural studies where science and technology studies play a huge role. The reality of the September 11 attacks on the United States of America is the catalyst for his explanation, postmodernism essay. In response, Kellner continues to examine the repercussions of understanding the effects of the 11 September attacks. He questions if the attacks are only able to be understood in a limited form of postmodern theory due to the level of irony. The conclusion he depicts is simple: postmodernism, postmodernism essay, as most use it today, will postmodernism essay what experiences and signs in one's reality will be one's reality as they know it.
Modern Architectureas established and developed by Walter Gropius and Le Corbusierwas focused on:, postmodernism essay. They argued for architecture that represented the spirit of the age as depicted in cutting-edge technology, be it airplanes, cars, postmodernism essay, ocean liners, or even supposedly artless grain silos. The intellectual scholarship regarding postmodernism and architecture is closely linked with the writings of critic-turned-architect Charles Jencksbeginning with lectures in the early s and his essay "The Rise of Post Modern Architecture" from Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath. Cultural production manifesting as intermedia, postmodernism essay art, conceptual art, deconstructionist display, and multimedia, particularly involving video, postmodernism essay, are described postmodernism essay postmodern.
Early mention of postmodernism as an element of graphic design appeared in the British magazine, "Design", postmodernism essay. Each had its own sites and venues, detractors and advocates. Jorge Luis Borges' short story " Pierre Menard, postmodernism essay, Author of the Quixote ", is often considered as predicting postmodernism [92] and is a paragon of the ultimate parody, postmodernism essay. Novelists who are commonly connected with postmodern literature include Vladimir NabokovWilliam GaddisUmberto EcoPier Vittorio TondelliJohn Hawkespostmodernism essay, Postmodernism essay S. BurroughsKurt VonnegutJohn Barthpostmodernism essay, Jean RhysDonald BarthelmeE. DoctorowRichard KalichJerzy KosińskiDon DeLilloThomas Pynchon [94] Pynchon's work has also been described as high modern [95]Ishmael ReedKathy AckerAna Lydia VegaJáchym Topol and Paul Auster.
Inthe American scholar Ihab Hassan published The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature, an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective that traces the development of what he calls "literature of silence" through Marquis postmodernism essay SadeFranz KafkaErnest HemingwaySamuel Beckett, and many others, including developments such as the Theatre of the Absurd and the nouveau roman. In Postmodernist Fictionpostmodernism essay, Brian McHale details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that the former is characterized by an epistemological dominant and that postmodern works have developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology. McHale's "What Was Postmodernism? Jonathan Kramer has written that avant-garde musical compositions which some would consider modernist rather than postmodernist "defy more than seduce the listener, and they extend by potentially unsettling means the very idea of what music is, postmodernism essay.
Author on postmodernism, Dominic Strinati, has noted, it is also important "to include in this category the so-called ' art rock ' musical innovations and mixing of styles associated with groups like Talking Headsand performers like Laurie Andersontogether with the self-conscious 'reinvention of disco ' by the Pet Shop Boys ". In the lateth century, postmodernism essay academics labelled American singer Madonnaas the "personification of the postmodern", [] with Christian writer Graham Cray saying that "Madonna is perhaps the most visible example of what is called post-modernism", [] and Martin Amis described her as "perhaps the most postmodern personage on the planet".
Modernism sought to design and plan cities that followed the logic of the new model of industrial mass production ; reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation, and prefabricated design solutions. Jane Jacobs ' book The Death and Life of Great American Postmodernism essay [] was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within Modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning Irving The transition from Modernism to Postmodernism is often said to have happened at pm on 15 July inwhen Pruitt—Igoea housing postmodernism essay for low-income people in St. Louis designed by architect Minoru Yamasakiwhich had been a postmodernism essay version of Le Corbusier's 'machine for modern living,' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn postmodernism essay Irving Since then, Postmodernism has involved theories that embrace and aim to create diversity.
As a result of Postmodernism, planners are much less inclined to lay a firm or steady claim to there being one single 'right way' of engaging in postmodernism essay planning and are more open to different styles and ideas of 'how to plan' Irving
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10/08/ · What Is Postmodernism Essay Example Unit 7 Sociology. A capitalist society is a society where by it’s built up for maximum amount of money. Those who have Society Has This essay offered an argument on the ideas of two of the most prominent postmodernists in the field of ‘Gender’ including sex and sexuality namely Judith Bultler and Discussion Both modernism and post modernism focus on Style, Social analysis, Cultural Context, Philosophy, Politics, Human experience, Machine aesthetics, and the constant transformation
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